{"id":2727,"date":"2018-11-03T11:33:00","date_gmt":"2018-11-03T11:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibrahimsheme.com\/?p=2727"},"modified":"2023-11-03T19:50:49","modified_gmt":"2023-11-03T19:50:49","slug":"manya-%c9%97ibar-fari-tarihin-rupert-east-tsanin-adabin-hausa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ibrahimsheme.net\/?p=2727","title":{"rendered":"Manya \u0257ibar fari: Tarihin Rupert East, tsanin adabin Hausa"},"content":{"rendered":"

LITTAFI: <\/strong>Rupert Moultrie East 1898-1975: Tarihinsa Da Sharhi A Kan Gudunmawarsa Ga\u00a0 Adabin Hausa (Juzu’i na 1)<\/em><\/p>\r\n

MARUBUCIYA: <\/strong>Aliyah Adamu Ahmad
KAMFANIN WALLAFA: <\/strong>Whales Adverts Limited, Kaduna
SHEKARA: <\/strong>2017
SHAFUKA: <\/strong>360<\/p>\r\n

MAI SHARHI: <\/strong>IBRAHIM SHEME<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Kowa ya san Alhaji (Dakta) Abubakar Imam. Idan ba ka san shi ba, ballantana kuma a ce ba ka ta\u0253a jin sunan sa ba, to ba ka san tarihin adabin Hausa ba; sannan ba ka karanta littattafan Hausa irin su ‘Ruwan Bagaja’ da ‘Magana Jari Ce’ ba, wa\u0257anda Imam \u0257in ya rubuta.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

To amma ba kowa ba ne ya san wani mutum mai suna Dakta Rupert Moultrie East; wanda ma ya san shi \u0257in, to sanin shanu ya yi masa. Shi dai R.M. East, kamar yadda aka fi sanin sa, Bature ne \u0257an Ingila wanda ya zauna a Nijeriya a zamanin mulkin mallaka. Ya yi aikin koyarwa tare da ri\u0199e mu\u0199amai a Ma’aikatar Ilimi. To amma ban da aikin da ya yi a fagen ilimi, inda ya fi yin tasiri da suna shi ne fagen talifi da adabi. East shi ne malamin Abubakar Imam a wannan fage, domin kuwa shi ne wanda ya koya masa dabarun rubuta \u0199ir\u0199iraren labari da ma wanda ba na \u0199ir\u0199ira ba. Shi ne tsanin da Imam ya hau ya kai \u0199ololuwar \u0257aukaka ta yadda ya kasance babu marubucin Hausa kamar sa har ya zuwa yau \u0257in nan.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Marubuciyar wannan littafin, Dakta Aliyah Adamu Ahmad, malama ce a Sashen Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya a Jami\u2019ar Jihar Sokoto da ke birnin Sokoto. Shi littafin, ya samu ne sakamakon aikin nazari da ta yi na neman digiri na uku a Jami\u2019ar Bayero, Kano, kuma Hukumar Tallafin Ilmin Gaba Da Sakandare ta \u0198asa (TETFund) ita ce ta \u0257auki nauyin buga shi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Littafin ya ba mu cikakken labarin yadda East ya kasance marubuci, shugaban kamfani, kuma manazarci. Ya na \u0257auke da tarihin East daga haihuwa har zuwa mutuwa, da sharhi kan ayyukan da ya yi a fagen adabi, musamman yadda ya taimaka wajen rayar da rubutaccen adabin Hausa na zube da na wasan kwaikwayo da tarihi da kimiyya, kai har ma da aikin jarida. Littafin zai sa duk wanda ya yi wa East sanin shanu ya san shi da kyau yanzu, kuma ya nuna mana asalin marauwar mutane irin su Imam da \u0257imbin marubutan Hausa \u2019yan zubin farko.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Littafin ya fa\u0257a mana cewa shi dai East, haifaffen London ne. Ya yi karatun firamare har zuwa na digirin digirgir a Oxford. Abin da ya karanta shi ne ilimin ha\u0257a magunguna (Chemistry<\/em>) da kuma harsunan Larabci da Latin da Girkanci. Ya \u0257an ta\u0253a aikin koyarwa, sannan ya shiga aikin soja a zamanin Ya\u0199in Duniya na 2.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Daga nan ya bi ayarin Turawan da ake turowa Afrika domin taimaka wa Birtaniya ta cimma burukan ta na mulkin mallaka. Shi sai aka li\u0199a shi a Ma\u2019aikatar Ilmi domin a nan ne ya fi wayo. Da farko, an tura shi yankin Binuwai ta Arewacin Nijeriya, inda ya yi aikin koyarwa a makarantu da ke garuruwa daban-daban. Sai yankin Adamawa, inda ya shafe shekaru. Ta dalilin haka ya ji yarukan Tibi da Fulatanci ra\u0257au. Daga bisani aka tura shi Kwalejin Horon Malamai ta Katsina inda ya koyar da \u0257alibai wa\u0257anda daga baya su ka zama mashahurai a Nijeriya, wato irin su Firayim Minista Abubakar Tafawa-\u0181alewa da Firimiyan Arewa Sir Ahmadu Bello (Sardaunan Sakkwato) da Alhaji Abubakar Imam da sauran su.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0198ofar da Dakta East ya bi ya zama babban tsani ko ma mu ce gagarabadau a fagen adabi an bu\u0257e ta ne a cikin 1929 lokacin da gwamnati ta kafa Hukumar Fassara (Translation Bureau<\/em>) a Kano, amma a 1931 an maida ita Zariya, aka na\u0257a East ya zama shugaban ta. Aikin hukumar shi ne fassara wasu takardu da littattafai irin su dokokin gwamnati da makamantan su daga Ingilishi zuwa Hausa, sannan ta shirya takardun jarabawar iya harsunan mu na gado wadda ake yi wa Turawa masu son zuwa Arewacin Nijeriya domin kama aiki.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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Kashi na farko na sharhin a Aminiya<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n

Bayan shekara bakwai, bisa shawarar East, sai aka sauya wa hukumar suna zuwa Hukumar Talifi (Literature Bureau<\/em>) domin ya lura aikin ta ya wuce fassara ka\u0257ai, ya fa\u0257a\u0257a zuwa samar da littattafan da za a yi amfani da su a makarantu, ganin cewa ana da \u0199arancin su. A matsayin East na shugaban wajen, a cikin 1945 sai ya bu\u0199aci gwamnati ta ba hukumar ku\u0257i ta sawo injinan buga littattafai, maimakon a dogara ga kai aikin \u0257ab’i a wasu garuruwan kamar Kaduna da Jos. Dalili kenan da aka samar da Kamfanin Gaskiya (Gaskiya Corporation<\/em>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Duk da yake ayyukan da East ya yi a Nijeriya su na da tarin yawa, amma an fi kula ne da ayyukan sa a fagen adabi domin a nan ne ya fi yin tasiri. Misali, a cikin 1933 ya shirya gasar rubuta littattafan hikayoyi inda aka samar da littattafai biyar da aka buga, wato \u2018Ruwan Bagaja\u2019, \u2018Gan\u0257oki\u2019, \u2018Idon Matambayi\u2019, \u2018Shehu Umar\u2019 da \u2018Jiki Magayi\u2019. Sai dai wani abin lura shi ne Dakta Aliyah ta sanar da mu cewa ba wannan ba ce gasa ta farko irin ta, an yi wasu gasannin har sau biyu a baya, wa\u0257anda ba East \u0257in ne ya shirya su ba. Amma bambancin ita wannan gasar da wa\u0257ancan biyun shi ne ita ce aka buga littattafan ta, domin kuwa su wa\u0257ancan na farkon ba a buga littattafan ba, kuma ma littattafan da aka shigar a gasar duk sun \u0253ace.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Babban tasirin wannan gasar da East ya kawo shi ne yadda ta sa \u2018\u0257an ba\u2019 a fagen rubutaccen adabin \u0199ir\u0199ira na zube na Hausa da haruffan Romanci ko mu ce boko. A da, rubutaccen adabin Bahaushe a cikin ajami ya ke, kuma ya \u0199unshi wa\u0199e ne; sauran zube na \u0199ir\u0199ira yawancin sa Turawa ne su ka yi shi, ba \u2019yan \u0199asa ba.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

East ya ci gaba da aiki gadan-gadan wajen bun\u0199asa wannan adabi da aka kawo mana daga waje, ta hanyar agaza wa marubuta da dabarun rubutu da kuma buga abin da su ka rubuta. Ta haka ne hukumar sa ta samar da \u0257imbin littattafan hikaya da na addini da na wa\u0199e da na wasan kwaikwayo da na kimiyya. A \u0199o\u0199arin sa na gina wannan adabi, East ya ri\u0199e Abubakar Imam, ya yi masa limanci wajen rubuta littattafai da su ka ha\u0257a da \u2018Magana Jari Ce\u2019 da \u2018\u0198aramin Sani \u0198u\u0199umi\u2019.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Shi kan sa East, bai sa ido ga wasu su rubuta ba, shi ma ya shiga an dama da shi dumu-dumu. Misali, tun a gasar 1933, shi da John Tafida Wusasa ne su ka rubuta \u2018Jiki Magayi\u2019. Bayan haka, East ya rubuta kundin wasannin kwaikwayo na farko mai suna\u00a0\u2018Six Hausa Plays\u2019.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Bayan haka, East ya rubuta wa\u0257ansu littattafan wa\u0257anda ba su shafi adabi ba. Ya yi littafi kan tarihin yankin Adamawa, ya yi wani kan yadda ake yi wa Turawa jarabawar sanin makamar harsunan Arewacin Nijeriya, ya yi wasu littattafan kan nahawun Hausa, shi da Imam sun ha\u0257u sun rubuta littafin farko kan kimiyya da harshen Hausa mai suna \u2018Ikon Allah\u2019 (kundi na 1 zuwa na 5), sannan ya yi wa wani mutum \u0257an \u0199abilar Tibi mai suna Akiga Sai jagorar rubuta littafin farko kan tarihin ita \u0199abilar tasu mai suna \u2018Akiga’s Story: The Tiv Tribe as Seen by One of its Members.\u2019<\/em>\u00a0Bugu da \u0199ari, East ya rubuta ma\u0199aloli da \u0257an dama kan harshen Hausa, wa\u0257anda aka buga a mujallun nazari a lokuta daban-daban.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Littafin na Dakta Aliyah A. Ahmad ya nuna mana wata gagarumar rawar wadda East ya taka a fagen aikin jarida a Nijeriya. Wannan kuwa shi ne yadda ya jagoranci kafa jaridar Hausa da ta fi kowacce tasiri tare da da\u0257ewa a \u0199asar nan, wato\u00a0Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo,<\/em>\u00a0wadda aka kafa a cikin 1939. East ne Babban Edita, yayin da Editan ta shi ne Mr. Giles, sannan Imam ya zama Editan Hausa na jaridar, wanda ya kasance kamar mataimaki ga Giles kafin daga baya ya zama cikakken editan ta. Abin mamaki shi ne yawan kwafen jaridar da ake bugawa a kuma sayar da su tatas; a bugun farko an buga 5,000, a bugu na biyu an sayar da 8,900.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

A fagen aikin jaridar dai, East ne ya \u0199ir\u0199iri jaridar Turanci mai suna\u00a0Nigerian Citizen<\/em>, wadda aka yi wa la\u0199abi da \u201c\u0199anwar Gaskiya\u201d.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

To sai dai kuma ga wani abu: Bahaushe mai ban haushi! Wai ka dubi duk da ha\u0199ilon da East ya yi wa \u0199asar Hausa, amma sai da Hausawa su ka taru su ka tsinka shi a idon duniya. Me ya faru? A cikin 1951 wasu mutanen mu su ka kafa kwamitin bincike a kan East, har su ka zarge shi da rashin iya gudanar da Kamfanin Gaskiya, su ka ce wai ya kasa kawo riba, don haka ana so ya yi murabus ko a kore shi! Bai da za\u0253i, domin ba\u0199in mutum ya fara sha\u0199ar iskar ‘yanci, Bature ya fara daina ba kowa tsoro. To, haka kuwa aka yi, tilas East ya bar kamfanin da ma Nijeriyar baki \u0257aya, kuma tun da ya tafi garin su da sunan hutu bai sake komowa ba har ya rasu a 1975.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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Kashi na biyu na sharhin da Aminiya ta buga<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n

Amma kafin ya tafi sai da ya kare kan sa a wajen masu zargin sa, ya ce an kafa kamfanin ne fa domin ya samar da abin karantawa, ba domin ya yi kasuwanci ya samu ku\u0257i ba. Kuma idan aka duba da kyau, za a ga haka \u0257in ne: East ya cika aikin sa na samar da littattafai na Hausa da na Fulatanci da ma wasu yarukan Arewa, kai har ma da jaridu. Har \u0199asa ta na\u0257e kuwa ba za a manta da wa\u0257annan ababen karantawa da ya samar ba, kuma ana cin moriyar su.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Littafin na Dakta Aliyah ya nuna mana cewar da East ya koma Ingila, sai ya sayi gona, ya gina katafaren gida a ciki, ya shiga noma abin sa: ga kayan amfanin gona, ga shanu da sauran bisashe. Kuma ya yi aure, har ya haifi ‘ya’ya biyu.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Marubuciyar ta fa\u0257i gaskiya da ta ce al’ummar Hausawa ba su fahimci (ko in ce sun \u0199i fahimtar) gudunmawar da East ya bayar ga bun\u0199asar rubutaccen adabin su ba. Ta nuna mana cewa a yau \u0257in nan babu wani abu da za ka nuna da yatsa ka ce an ra\u0257a masa sunan East don karrama shi; ko a Kamfanin Gaskiya da ke unguwar Tukur-Tukur a Zariya babu wani gini da aka sa wa sunan East (kamar yadda aka ra\u0257a wa wani gini suna\u00a0Imam House<\/em>\u00a0a kamfanin\u00a0New Nigerian<\/em>\u00a0a Kaduna). Wannan babban sakaci ne!<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Sannan wani abu da littafin ya \u0257an ta\u0253o \u0199yas shi ne zaman da East ya yi da wata Bafillatanar Adamawa mai suna Hajiya Dada Sare Maimunatu Abdullahi. Sun zauna tare a tsawon zaman sa a Zariya. To amma wannan mata ta yi karatu, ta samu ilimin aikin jinya, kuma har Ingila ta je wannan karatu. A \u0199arshe, sai da ta zama mace ta farko mai irin wannan ilimin a duk fa\u0257in Arewacin Nijeriya. Bugu da \u0199ari, ta yi aikin ilmantar da matan Arewa. Har ma gwamnatin Nijeriya ta ba ta lambar M.O.N.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Ban da tsagwaron tarihin East da littafin ya bayar, marubuciyar ta kuma yi sharhi ko nazari kan wasu littattafan adabi da East ya rubuta, inda ta fe\u0257e su, ta nuna mana abin da su ka \u0199unsa. Littattafan su ne \u2018Six Hausa Plays\u2019 da \u2018Jiki Magayi\u2019. Wannan sashe shi ne ya cinye kusan rabin littafin. Marubuciyar ta yi bayani kan kowane labari, ta fito da hikimomin da ke ciki, tare da bayyana muhimmancin sa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Akwai hotuna a cikin littafin, wato na East tun daga yarintar sa har zuwa tsufan sa, da na iyalin sa da kuma na ita marubuciyar a Ingila lokacin da ta je bincike kan East \u0257in.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Abin sha’awa, an sadaukar da littafin ga Alhajiya Dada Sare, masoyiyar East, wadda ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi ilimin zamani a Arewa har ta ri\u0199e mu\u0199ami a gwamnatin mulkin mallaka.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Babu shakka, an yi babban aiki a wannan littafi, wanda shi ne na farko irin sa a kan tarihin samuwar rubutaccen adabin Hausa. Ya kamata duk wanda ke nazarin adabin Hausa da ma mai sha’awar adabin ya karanta wannan littafi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Marubuciyar ta cancanci jinjina, domin ba \u0199aramin aiki ba ne a ce mutum ya za\u0199ulo abin da ke rufe a tarihi wanda ya faru tun a farkon zuwan Turawa \u0199asar nan, ya labarta mana shi kamar jiya-jiyan nan ya faru.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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Yadda ‘Leadership A Yau Lahadi’ ta buga dukkan sharhin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n

Ban yi mamaki ba da na ga manyan masana a fagen adabi har mutum uku sun yi wa littafin ta’ali\u0199i. Su ne: Farfesa Graham Furniss na SOAS, Jami’ar London, da Farfesa Murray Last na\u00a0University College,<\/em>\u00a0London, da kuma Dakta Adamu Ibrahim Malumfashi na Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello (ABU), Zariya. Dukkan su sun yaba wa wannan aiki tare da nuni da cewa shi ne na farko irin sa, wanda ya kasance fitila mai haska hanya a fagen tarihin adabi da talifin Hausa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Dakta Adamu Malumfashi ya fa\u0257i gaskiya da ya ce, \u201cYin wannan bincike a kan wannan \u0257an tali\u0199i abin a yaba ne. Yaba kyauta tukwici. Abin da ya dace kenan a yi wa East. A fito da ayyukan sa a fili domin kowa ya gani. Nacin marubuciyar ya sanya wasu bayanan da su ke a \u0253oye sun fito fili tamkar ba a da\u0257e da yin su ba, alhali kuwa tun 1975 East ya rasu. Irin wannan bin diddigi da aka nuna ya kamata ya zama \u0199alubale ga matasa.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

To, da yake Hausawa sun ce ba a rasa nono a ruga, na ci karo da wasu ‘yan kurakurai a wannan littafi. Na farko dai, akwai matsalar rubutu inda za ka ga wasu kalmomi sun fito ba daidai ba. Wani lokacin kuma sai ka ga an gwamutsa Hausar Kano da ta Sakkwato.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Haka kuma akwai yawan maimaita magana; an fa\u0257a maka abu \u0257azu-\u0257azun nan, yanzu kuma sai a sake gaya maka shi sau biyu ko fiye.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

A shafi na 20, an ambaci\u00a0Daily Times<\/em>\u00a0maimakon\u00a0Nigerian Citizen<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Sannan na lura, ko ka\u0257an littafin bai ambaci rashin jituwar da ta faru a tsakanin East da Imam ba, wanda sai da ta kai ba su ko ga maciji. Wannan \u0253atawar ta malam da \u0257alibi wani muhimmin \u0253angare ne a rayuwar East, kuma ta taimaka wajen tozarta East da aka yi har ya bar \u0199asar da miki a zuci. Farfesa Furniss, wanda ya ta\u0253a ha\u0257uwa da East \u0257in a 1974, shi ne ka\u0257ai a ta\u2019ali\u0199in sa ya \u0257an ce wani abu kan wannan \u0253atawar, amma ya kamata mu ga yadda marubuciyar ta bada labarin.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Shi kan sa zaman East da Dada Sare, marubuciyar ba ta fa\u0257i yanayin sa ba. An dai ce “uwargida” ce a gare shi, amma kuma tare su ke zaune, kuma ba aure su ka yi ba. A nan ma, Furniss da Last ne su ka \u0257an \u0253untuna mana wani abu game da yanayin zaman.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Sannan Dakta Aliyah ba ta fa\u0257i wani abu mai zurfi game da zaman East da wata Baturiya ‘yar \u0199asar Beljiyam ba, wato Miss Jacqueline de Naeyer, wadda ita ce ta zana hotunan da ke cikin \u2018Magana Jari Ce\u2019 da wasu littattafan, wadda kuma daga baya East ya aure ta har su ka haifi ‘ya’ya biyu. Shin wane irin zama su ka yi a Zariya, kuma ya aka yi har su ka yi aure bayan sun bar Nijeriya?\u00a0 Menene tarihin ita kan ta Naeyer \u0257in, musamman ganin cewa ta bada gagarumar gudunmawa ga adabin Hausa ta \u0253angaren zane-zane? An ce ita ce ma ta zana dukkan labarin nan na ‘Sauna Jac’.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Haka kuma, ba a nuna cewa jaridar\u00a0Nigerian Citizen<\/em>\u00a0ce ta riki\u0257e ta zama shahararriyar jaridar nan ta\u00a0New Nigerian<\/em>\u00a0a cikin Janairu 1966 ba.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Sannan ba a nuna yadda Kamfanin Gaskiya ya amshe sunan\u00a0Literature Bureau<\/em>\u00a0ba har sunan\u00a0Literature Bureau<\/em>\u00a0ya \u0253ace.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Bayan haka, littafin bai ce komai ba kan sukar da wasu masana ke yi wa East na cewa ya taimaka wajen dur\u0199ushewar rubutun ajami, lokacin da ya cusa wa Hausawa a\u0199idar yin rubutu da haruffan boko. An ma ce Imam da kan sa ya yi nadamar da\u0257ewa a fagen rubutun \u0199ir\u0199ira, wai ya gano cewa East ya yi amfani da shi ne kawai don cimma wata manufa ta Turawan mulkin mallaka, wai shi ya sa ma a \u0199arshe ya koma rubutun addini. Shin yaya abin yake?<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

A bangon littafin, an rubuta cewa wannan littafi juzu’i na \u0257aya ne. Shin ina na biyun? Ko shi ne\u00a0 wanda aka ce an adana a wani gidan yana a intanet? Shi na intanet \u0257in, da wannan na hannu \u0257in, da ma fassararren tarihin na Ingilishi wanda kamfanin\u00a0Lambert Academic Publishing<\/em>\u00a0da ke Jamus ya buga, babu su a hannun jama’a. Ina kira ga Dakta Aliyah da ta gaggauta samar da dukkan su a shagunan sayar da littattafai domin mutane su samu su karanta. Ta haka ne al\u2019umma za ta ci moriyar wannan muhimmin aiki wanda ya zama zakaran gwajin dafi ga sauran masu bincike ko manazarta.<\/p>\r\n

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LITTAFI: Rupert Moultrie East 1898-1975: Tarihinsa Da Sharhi A Kan Gudunmawarsa Ga\u00a0 Adabin Hausa (Juzu’i na 1) MARUBUCIYA: Aliyah Adamu AhmadKAMFANIN WALLAFA: Whales Adverts Limited, KadunaSHEKARA: 2017SHAFUKA: 360 MAI SHARHI: IBRAHIM SHEME   Kowa ya san Alhaji (Dakta) Abubakar Imam. Idan ba ka san shi ba, ballantana kuma a ce ba ka ta\u0253a jin sunan […]<\/p>\n

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